• Supply Chain & Logistics News Roundup: April 11–17, 2025

    The global supply chain never slows down—and neither does Logistics Viewpoints. This week, cutting-edge innovations and global disruptions took center stage, from 5G-enabled automation to AI-powered delivery and tariff tremors. Whether you’re managing warehouses, optimizing delivery routes, or staying ahead of policy changes, these are the insights that matter.
    How Bosch, JD.com, and Ford Are Using 5G to Transform Supply Chains
    5G isn’t just about speed—it’s about r
  • DHL Group acquires CRYOPDP from Cryoport to strengthen “DHL Health Logistics”

    DHL to acquire 100% of CRYOPDP, a leading specialty courier providing logistics services for clinical trials, biopharma, and cell & gene therapies. This acquisition enhances DHL’s capabilities in specialty pharma logistics and supports Group’s 2030 strategy to become a leader in life science and healthcare logistics. DHL and Cryoport form strategic partnership to strengthen their respective supply chain services offerings for the global life sciences and healthcare sector.
    DHL Gr
  • Shipium and Kibo Pair Composable Commerce with Headless Logistics in New Partnership

    Shipium, the modern shipping platform for enterprise shippers, recently announced a partnership with Kibo Commerce, a composable commerce platform.
    Kibo enables retailers, distributors and manufacturers to deliver seamless omnichannel experiences while optimizing fulfillment efficiency. With a modular, API-first architecture, Kibo provides businesses with the agility to adapt quickly to market changes, reduce operational complexity, and drive revenue growth.
    Shipium helps enterprise shippers con
  • Unlocking the Value of the Logistics Viewpoints Archive

    As supply chain professionals continue to navigate disruption, digitization, and increasing complexity, having fast access to relevant, high-quality insights is critical. The Logistics Viewpoints archive has grown into a resource that supports exactly that — a curated collection of category-based content that reflects both foundational principles and emerging trends across the logistics landscape.A Practical, Topic-Driven Resource
    Organized into more than 70 categories, the archive offers
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  • How Bosch, JD.com, and Ford Are Using 5G to Transform Supply Chains

    How Bosch, JD.com, and Ford Are Using 5G to Transform Supply Chains
    5G networks significantly improve data transmission speed, latency, and device connectivity, revolutionizing supply chain operations. These advancements enable real-time tracking and monitoring, enhance automated systems, and support a larger number of connected devices. The low latency of 5G allows for immediate response to any issues, ensuring smooth and efficient operations. Additionally, the high device connectivity supports better coordination and efficiency in supply chain processes. Imple
  • Aramex Partners with Shipsy to Enhance Last-Mile Efficiency and Productivity Using AI

    Aramex, a leading global logistics and transportation solutions provider, recently announced that they have signed a Master Services Agreement (MSA) with Shipsy, a Gartner-recognized, leading global SaaS-based platform offering AI-powered logistics orchestration. This agreement reflects Aramex’s commitment to enhancing its last-mile delivery capabilities, increasing operational efficiency, expanding service offerings, using advanced technologies and ensuring customer service excellence.
    Fr
  • AI in Supply Chain Automation: Procurement to Logistics

    The adoption of AI in supply chain automation is enabling companies to make more accurate decisions, reduce cycle times, and better manage complexity. From sourcing and bid evaluation to warehouse slotting and dynamic routing, AI tools support faster and more consistent outcomes by processing large volumes of operational data and identifying patterns that human decision-makers may overlook. These capabilities are now being integrated into mainstream TMS, WMS, and ERP platforms.
    AI in supply cha
  • Supply Chain & Logistics News April 7th- 10th 2025

    Here’s your supply chain & logistics news for the week. Some key developments in supply chain and logistics include Vertex Pharmaceuticals’ successful integration of a human-centric digital strategy, leveraging technologies like Continuous Manufacturing and MES to boost agility and workforce adoption. At Kinexions 2025, the spotlight was on navigating AI disruption and trade wars through solutions like the Kinaxis-Databricks data fabric and new AI Agents. Unilever acquired the ec
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  • ProMat 2025: Robotics Steps Up to Tackle the Warehouse Labor Crisis

    ProMat 2025: Robotics Steps Up to Tackle the Warehouse Labor Crisis
    The cavernous halls of McCormick Place in Chicago played host to ProMat 2025, a sprawling testament to the relentless innovation shaping the future of manufacturing and supply chain. This year’s exhibition, held from March 17th to 20th, resonated with a palpable urgency, driven by a challenge that casts a long shadow over the industry: the persistent and intensifying labor shortage in warehousing and logistics. While ProMat has always been a showcase of cutting-edge technology, the 2025 ed
  • Beyond Cost Optimization: Building Resilient Supply Chains in an Unstable Trade Environment

    For years, supply chains were engineered to be lean. Reducing cost was the primary objective, and most operational decisions—from sourcing to fulfillment—reflected that mindset. But today’s global environment is more unstable than it was a decade ago. Lean models alone are no longer sufficient.
    Recent years have brought a series of disruptions that exposed vulnerabilities in how supply chains are designed. Trade tensions have led to abrupt tariff hikes. Political instability ha
  • Trump’s Tariffs Trigger Market Shockwaves, Supply Chains Brace for Turmoil

    In a significant escalation of trade tensions, President Donald Trump’s newly implemented tariffs took full effect just after midnight Eastern Time, sending immediate ripples through financial markets and global supply chains.
    Key Developments in the Last 24 Hours:
    Tariffs Now Active – Up to 104% on Key ImportsThe U.S. has officially imposed massive “reciprocal” tariffs on imports from China, Japan, Vietnam, India, and other countries. These duties, reaching 104% on some
  • Navigating the Perfect Storm: AI Agents and Data Fabrics Empower Supply Chain Heroes Amidst Trade and AI Wars

    The Dual Disruption: Trade Tensions and the AI Revolution
    The global landscape is currently characterized by a dual wave of disruption, emanating from escalating geopolitical tensions manifesting as trade wars and the rapid advancements and intense competition within the realm of artificial intelligence, often referred to as AI wars. This convergence of global forces engenders unprecedented volatility and complexity within the intricate networks of global supply chains. Trade wars introduce tang
  • From Warehouse to Delivery – How Digital Twins Drive Real-World Efficiency

    From Warehouse to Delivery – How Digital Twins Drive Real-World Efficiency
    Digital twins are emerging as digital transformation accelerators for supply chain and logistics organizations seeking enterprise-level visibility, real-time scenario modeling, and operational agility under disruption. These virtual replicas of physical assets, processes, or systems allow leaders to simulate, analyze, and optimize real-world performance—without incurring real-world risks.
    For logistics professionals, this translates to smarter warehouse layouts, more accurate transportatio
  • Supply Chain & Logistics News of The Week – April 4 2025

    Supply Chain & Logistics News of The Week – April 4 2025
    Welcome to this week’s edition of Supply Chain & Logistics News! In this issue, we delve into some of the most pressing topics and innovative solutions shaping the industry today. From Volkswagen and Maersk’s groundbreaking “Cars in Containers” initiative to Vertex Pharmaceuticals’ human-centric digital strategy, and the implications of the latest tariff announcements on global supply chains, we’ve got you covered.
    How Volkswagen and Maersk Solved an Expor
  • How Volkswagen and Maersk Solved an Export Bottleneck with “Cars in Containers”

    As vehicle exports from Mexico to North America surged, Volkswagen Mexico found itself confronting a significant supply chain crisis. Its long-established logistics model, built around rail and RoRo (Roll-on/Roll-off) shipping, could no longer keep pace. Capacity shortages, service unreliability, and inventory congestion threatened to disrupt VW’s production flow and delivery commitments to U.S. and Canadian dealerships. In response, the company turned to Maersk Mexico to co-develop an alt
  • Vertex Pharmaceuticals: How a Human-Centric Digital Strategy Transforms Supply Chain Agility

    In the fast-evolving pharmaceutical industry, Vertex Pharmaceuticals stands out not only for its scientific breakthroughs but also for its human-centric approach to digital transformation. At the recent ARC Forum 2025, Rachelle Howard, Director of Manufacturing Systems Automation and Digital Strategy, showcased how Vertex strategically blends advanced technology with a strong people-focused culture to boost manufacturing and supply chain agility.
    While much attention is given to Vertex’s p
  • Trump’s April 2, 2025 Tariff Announcement: What It Means for Global Supply Chains and Logistics

    Yesterday afternoon, the Trump Administration formalized a broad package of tariff measures labeled as a “Declaration of Economic Independence.” The measures introduce both general and highly targeted tariffs, directly affecting global supply chains, cross-border logistics, and international trade flows.
    The policy includes universal tariffs, reciprocal tariffs, product-specific duties, and for the first time, the suspension of the de minimis exemption for certain low-value imports f
  • Decentralizing Supply Chains: How Regional Models Drive Resilience and Flexibility

    Global supply chains have been tested repeatedly by a series of disruptive events, including the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S.-China trade disputes, and natural disasters. Companies that previously prioritized cost-cutting and centralized sourcing quickly found themselves exposed to serious production and distribution risks. In response, many organizations have shifted toward decentralized and regionalized supply chain models, distributing production and sourcing across multiple regions. These decentr
  • Trump Imposes 25% Tariff on Autos and Auto Components: The Immediate Impact is Negligible

    Trump Imposes 25% Tariff on Autos and Auto Components: The Immediate Impact is Negligible
    Before we get to the news, I’d like to mention that today is my last day at ARC Advisory Group and this is my last article for Logistics Viewpoints. I’d like to thank Andy Chatha, the owner of ARC, for giving me the opportunity to work in an area that has become my life’s passion. Not many people get to work at one firm for 29 years.
    Now, on to the news.
    Last Wednesday, President Trump announced plans to impose a tariff on imported automobiles and auto parts. “We’l
  • Supply Chain & Logistics News of The Week (March 24th to March 28th 2025)

    Supply Chain & Logistics News of The Week (March 24th to March 28th 2025)
    This week’s supply chain and logistics news highlights significant policy shifts, major corporate investments, and advancements in logistics technology. The U.S. has imposed a 25% tariff on foreign-made cars, likely driving up vehicle prices and disrupting the automotive industry. Meanwhile, Johnson & Johnson is investing $5.5 billion to expand its U.S. manufacturing, strengthening its pharmaceutical and medical device supply chains. In the food sector, the Trump administration has del
  • Mastering Disruption: A Smarter, More Connected Approach

    Five years ago, we all thought the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the most disrupted supply chain landscape we would ever see. We were wrong. Since then, supply chain disruptions and volatility have only increased.
    Three months into 2025, we have seen a barrage of on-again, off-again tariffs that have supply chain and logistics teams reeling, as they must rethink everything from next week’s shipping route to their foundational network models. From wildfires and flooding to tornadoes and hur
  • Amazon and the Shift to AI-Driven Supply Chain Planning

    Amazon and the Shift to AI-Driven Supply Chain Planning
    Supply chain disruptions have become a persistent operational risk. Geopolitical instability, extreme weather, labor shortages, and fluctuating consumer demand regularly impact global logistics. Traditional supply chain planning, which relies on historical data and reactive adjustments, is no longer adequate for managing these challenges. Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping supply chain operations by enabling predictive planning, allowing companies to anticipate disruptions before they oc
  • Healthcare Supply Chain Management Market Growth – Revenue to Hit $5.73 Billion by 2029 - Arizton

    Get this report for lesser with our subscription services.
  • Infor and Kinaxis Launch Enterprise Planning Solution for Discrete Manufacturers

    Infor and Kinaxis Launch Enterprise Planning Solution for Discrete Manufacturers
    NEW YORK & OTTAWA, ON – March 24, 2025 – Infor, the industry cloud complete company, and Kinaxis® Inc. (TSX: KXS) an end-to-end supply chain orchestration, today announced a new partnership that will deliver improved alignment of supply chain plans with business objectives and strategies for midmarket discrete manufacturing companies. The partnership includes launching Kinaxis Planning One for Infor CloudSuite, which integrates Infor’s industry-specific CloudSuite solut
  • Locus Robotics Uses Simulation as a Differentiator

    Locus Robotics Uses Simulation as a Differentiator
    Before a potential customer buys an autonomous mobile robot solution, Locus Robotics often uses different types of simulation to determine the type of robots needed and the number needed to optimize productivity at a warehouse. This allows Locus to make a robust calculation of the ROI that will result from the project. This capability can also be used with existing customers whose pick volumes are changing to see whether adding new bots makes sense. Locus’s simulation capabilities are a ke
  • Walmart and the New Supply Chain Reality: AI, Automation, and Resilience

    Walmart and the New Supply Chain Reality: AI, Automation, and Resilience
    Why Transformation Is a Boardroom Priority
    Supply chain management is now a core strategic concern for business leaders. Recent disruptions have exposed significant vulnerabilities in traditional models, driven by geopolitical instability, fluctuating demand, and operational inefficiencies. Companies that fail to modernize face supply shortages, revenue loss, and regulatory risks.
    A data-driven, technology-enabled approach is required to build resilience and efficiency. AI, automation, and sust
  • Anti-Drone Market Set to Reach $11.12 Billion by 2030, APAC Emerges as Key Growth Region for Vendors – Arizton

    Industry Analysis Report, Regional Outlook, Growth Potential, Price Trends, Competitive Market Share & Forecast 2025–2030.
  • The SAP Databricks Alliance is Truly Significant

    The SAP Databricks Alliance is Truly Significant
    The combination of SAP agent technologies and Databricks data fabric solution, sets the stage for end-to-end enterprise orchestration.
    SAP recently announced what they called a “landmark partnership” with Databricks. This really is very significant. Every ten years or so, there is a technology that truly shakes up the enterprise and supply chain software markets. Vendors that embrace the new technology take market share. Those that don’t struggle. We may be at that inflection p
  • Supply Chain & Logistics News March 10th – 13th 2025

    The global trade, logistics, and maritime sectors are witnessing significant shifts driven by AI, sustainability initiatives, and evolving economic policies. Concirrus and OceanMind’s new partnership integrates AI-driven risk analytics with maritime emissions tracking to help insurers meet decarbonization goals. At ProMat 2025, Made4net is showcasing AI-powered warehouse management solutions, while CMA CGM is committing $20 billion to expand its U.S. operations across maritime, warehousing
  • How Smart Contracts Are Impacting Supply Chains

    How Smart Contracts Are Impacting Supply Chains
    Imagine a world where supply chains run with complete transparency, efficiency, and automation—where every transaction, shipment, and payment are executed seamlessly without intermediaries slowing things down. This is the promise of smart contracts, a blockchain-driven innovation that’s beginning to impact the global supply chain industry.
    For decades, supply chain management has encountered bureaucratic bottlenecks, inefficiencies, and trust issues. Traditional contracts rely on man
  • Trump Adds New Tariffs on Canada Made Steel and Aluminum

    Trump Adds New Tariffs on Canada Made Steel and Aluminum
    Trump Doubles Down on Trade War With Canada: What It Means for Business and Consumers
    In a dramatic escalation of trade tensions, former President Donald Trump announced a sharp increase in tariffs on Canadian steel and aluminum, raising them from 25% to 50% as a retaliatory move against Ontario’s recent tax hikes on electricity exports to the U.S. The tariffs are set to take effect on March 12, with additional levies on Canadian auto parts scheduled for April 2 unless Canada removes tarif
  • 10 Ways A Data Gateway Improves Time to Value Across Your End-to-End Supply Chain

    10 Ways A Data Gateway Improves Time to Value Across Your End-to-End Supply Chain
    Supply chain practitioners seeking the best way to speed decision intelligence, unify supply chain data, and increase operational efficiency can benefit from a supply chain data gateway. A data gateway is essentially a connective tissue across your supply chain, providing unified access to supply chain data from various sources, including enterprise systems, data feeds, data warehouses, data lakes, data marts, and business entities.
    Here are 10 ways a supply chain data gateway can improve your
  • Cold Storage Market to Reach USD 12.22 Billion by 2029 - Arizton

    Industry Analysis Report, Regional Outlook, Growth Potential, Price Trends, Competitive Market Share & Forecast 2024–2029.
  • Blue Yonder: 2024 Year in Review

    Blue Yonder: 2024 Year in Review
    Duncan Angove, CEO Blue Yonder
    Blue Yonder, is one of the largest providers of supply chain software. They are a wholly owned subsidiary of Panasonic. They recently gave the industry analyst community an update on their business performance over the last year and their outlook for the year ahead. Duncan Angove, the CEO, and Corey Tollefson, the chief revenue officer, were the speakers.
    Business Update
    Mr. Angove characterized fiscal 2024 as a solid year. “The second half, in particular, wa
  • Supply Chain and Logistic News March 3rd – 6th 2025 

    Global supply chains are facing fresh disruptions as trade tensions escalate, digital innovation transforms logistics, and energy partnerships reshape infrastructure. The U.S. has imposed new tariffs on Canada, Mexico, and China, triggering retaliatory measures that could drive up costs and destabilize markets. Meanwhile, Hapag-Lloyd’s new Container Payment Portal streamlines cargo movement, and GE Vernova’s partnership with AWS accelerates energy transition efforts. BlackRock’
  • Developing Agile Procurement Strategies: Thriving Amid Global Trade Disruptions

    Developing Agile Procurement Strategies: Thriving Amid Global Trade Disruptions
    As a supply chain executive, picture beginning your day with a cup of coffee when a news alert notifies you of newly imposed tariffs affecting your primary suppliers in China. Your inbox quickly fills with concerned emails highlighting rising costs, delayed materials, and your team’s urgent efforts to assess the situation and determine the next steps.
    This isn’t a hypothetical scenario; it’s the daily grind for many businesses in 2025, where global trade rules shift faster tha
  • The Trump Administration Transportation Policies: Changes, Impacts, and Strategic Actions

    The Trump Administration Transportation Policies: Changes, Impacts, and Strategic Actions
    The U.S. transportation sector is undergoing major policy changes following President Donald Trump’s return to office in 2025. His administration has reversed electric vehicle (EV) initiatives, reduced funding for transportation research, and removed several regulatory measures. These shifts mark a clear departure from the Biden administration’s approach and signal a new direction for mobility and infrastructure in the country. 
    EV Policy Reversal: A Shift Back to Gas-Powered Fl
  • PayCargo and Gnosis Freight to Power Container Payment Portal for Hapag-Lloyd

    PayCargo and Gnosis Freight to Power Container Payment Portal for Hapag-Lloyd
    The Container Payment Portal provides Hapag-Lloyd customers with additional visibility into real-time container status events, streamlines invoicing and payment processing, and expedites container release – enhancing cargo movement efficiency and reducing container dwell times
    Logistics payment platform, PayCargo, and Gnosis Freight, a leading provider of supply chain visibility and execution software for shipping containers, announced an integration and partnership with Hapag-Lloyd,
  • Global Supply Chains in Flux as U.S. Tariffs on Canada, Mexico, and China Take Effect

    Global Supply Chains in Flux as U.S. Tariffs on Canada, Mexico, and China Take Effect
    Today’s escalation of U.S. tariffs on imports from Canada, Mexico, and China is impacting global trade networks, affecting industries ranging from automotive and electronics to agriculture and energy. The 25% tariffs on Canadian and Mexican imports and 20% tariffs on Chinese goods are expected to increase production costs, disrupt logistics networks, and force companies to rethink supply chains.
    Businesses are responding with production shifts, supply chain diversification, inventory stock
  • How Climbing Autonomous Mobile Robots Are Impacting Warehouse Automation

    How Climbing Autonomous Mobile Robots Are Impacting Warehouse Automation
    Brightpick Launches Giraffe, an Autonomous Mobile Picking System that Triples Warehouse Storage Density – Image Courtesy of BrightPick
    February has certainly been a very interesting month for the warehouse automation industry. In just a month, we’ve seen notable developments, with momentum building around new product launches revolves around a certain theme:
    • In the first week of February, Brightpick introduced the Brightpick Giraffe, a robotic solution designed for automated c
  • Celanese Leads the Pack When it Comes to Agentic AI

    Celanese Leads the Pack When it Comes to Agentic AI
    Knowledge Graphs are emerging as an important tool for building advanced AI capabilities.
    According to a survey by ARC Advisory Group, only 10% of industrial companies are ready to apply artificial intelligence/machine learning. The percentage of industrial companies broadly applying agentic AI and generative AI would be a small fraction of that number.
    Celanese is an exception. ARC has been actively studying industrial AI for over two years. What Celanese has accomplished is the single best exa
  • February 24th – 27th 2025 Supply Chain & Logistics News

    February 24th – 27th 2025 Supply Chain & Logistics News
    In the ever-evolving world of logistics, adaptability is key. This week’s top stories highlight the shifting landscape of supply chain resilience, major corporate investments, and geopolitical developments. From strategies to build antifragile supply chains that thrive in disruption to Apple’s historic $500 billion investment in AI-driven infrastructure, businesses are reshaping their operations for the future. Meanwhile, a newly ratified dockworkers’ contract ensures labor sta
  • Beyond Resilience: 5 Steps to Building an Antifragile Supply Chain

    Why Resilience Is No Longer Enough
    Supply chains were once designed for efficiency, not disruption. But in today’s world of pandemics, geopolitical shocks, and extreme weather events, efficiency alone is a fragile strategy.
    The goal is no longer just resilience – it’s antifragility.
    Coined by Nassim Taleb, antifragility means getting stronger from shocks, rather than just surviving them. The best supply chains don’t just withstand disruptions – they thrive in uncer
  • Unmasking the Supply Chain: How Blockchain Brings Transparency and Trust

    Unmasking the Supply Chain: How Blockchain Brings Transparency and Trust
    Supply chains, which facilitate the movement of products from manufacturers to consumers, have historically encountered issues such as inefficiency, fraud, and a lack of transparency. Many businesses continue to use traditional tracking methods like paperwork or centralized databases, which can be slow, susceptible to manipulation, and challenging to verify across multiple entities. When records are centralized, a single error, hack, or failure can lead to significant disruptions. Companies find
  • No Balloons Needed: Practical Moves to Navigate Tariff Volatility

    No Balloons Needed: Practical Moves to Navigate Tariff Volatility
    The manufacturing sector is facing unprecedented volatility in global trade, with tariffs becoming the latest in a series of uncertainty drivers that are impacting virtually all industries. Trade policies are constantly evolving, forcing companies to assess how these changes impact customer demand, supply networks, fulfillment strategies, and cost to serve. Supply chains need to be more agile than ever, yet much of the advice circulating in the industry remains high-level or less than ideal.
    The
  • Apple’s $500 Billion Investment in Artificial Intelligence

    Apple’s $500 Billion Investment in Artificial Intelligence
    Apple in a press release published recently announced a monumental investment plan, committing to spend over USD 500 billion in the United States over the next four years. This ambitious initiative is set to transform various aspects of the supply chain, from manufacturing and job creation to research and development, infrastructure upgrades, and sustainability efforts.In short, Apple plans to commit $500 billion in the US over the next four years, hire 20,000 new employees, and expand to t
  • The Emergence of Supply Chain Data Fabrics

    The Emergence of Supply Chain Data Fabrics
    ARC was recently briefed by InterSystems. When one thinks of supply chain software vendors, the name InterSystems may not spring to mind. The company aims to change this with the expansion of its data fabric portfolio. Business cycles are compressing and the need to make course corrections is exploding. When you combine the volume, complexity, and speed with which decisions need to be made and executed, the current way companies manage this is unsustainable. Decisions need to be digitized. A su
  • Supply Chain & Logistics News February 16th- 20th

    Supply Chain & Logistics News February 16th- 20th
    The U.S. is implementing new tariffs on key imports, including lumber, cars, semiconductors, and pharmaceuticals, as part of its broader trade strategy, while also shifting its approach to combating bird flu through vaccinations and enhanced biosecurity. Meanwhile, the European Commission has approved a €920 million state aid package to boost semiconductor production in Dresden, aligning with its goal of technological self-sufficiency. In corporate developments, Honeywell plans to spin off
  • Exotec’s Skypod System – A Unique Solution Designed to Address Supply Chain Challenges

    Exotec’s Skypod System – A Unique Solution Designed to Address Supply Chain Challenges
    The supply chain market, like many other industries, has been experiencing tremendous volatility and dynamic market forces. These pressures are progressively pushing companies to consider advanced automation in their supply chains and warehouses. Companies face constant pressure to secure a competent and reliable workforce at market wages that enables them to remain competitive with the global market, where wages and other operating costs are often lower. In addition, many companies are facing c
  • International Logistics: Deep Integration and Practice of RPA Technology

    International Logistics: Deep Integration and Practice of RPA Technology
    The Digital Wave of International Logistics
    In the context of 21st-century globalization, international logistics plays a crucial role as a bridge connecting the economies and trade of various countries. It encompasses multiple aspects such as transportation, warehousing, loading and unloading, packaging, circulation processing, distribution, and information processing. International Logistics must find a balance between more economical costs and higher efficiency to meet the needs of different

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